Journal is indexed in following databases:
- SCOPUS
- Web of Science Core Collection - Journal Citation Reports
- EBSCOhost
- Directory of Open Access Journals
- TRID Database - Transportation Research Board
- Index Copernicus Journals Master List
- BazTech
- Google Scholar
2022 Journal Impact Factor - 0.6
2022 CiteScore - 1.7
ISSN 2083-6473
ISSN 2083-6481 (electronic version)
Editor-in-Chief
Associate Editor
Prof. Tomasz Neumann
Published by
TransNav, Faculty of Navigation
Gdynia Maritime University
3, John Paul II Avenue
81-345 Gdynia, POLAND
e-mail transnav@umg.edu.pl
Analyzing the Feasibility of an Unmanned Cargo Ship for Different Operational Phases
1 SINTEF Ocean AS, Trondheim, Norway
2 SINTEF Ålesund, Ålesund, Norway
2 SINTEF Ålesund, Ålesund, Norway
ABSTRACT: The maritime industry has begun to look into autonomous ships as an alternative to conventional ships due to growing pressure to reduce the environmental impact of maritime transportation, to increase safety, to mitigate the growing challenges in recruiting seafarers, and to increase profit margins. There is a lot of research on the challenges and feasibilities of an autonomous ship. However, there is less discussion on the transition from manned to unmanned ships and the tasks that are feasible to automate before the whole ship is unmanned. This paper investigates the technical and regulatory feasibility of automating different tasks for different operational phases for a large cargo ship. This study shows that a fully unmanned cargo ship is not feasible today, but that some tasks can be automated within the next five years.
KEYWORDS: Cargo Handling, Communication, Navigation, Autonomous Ship, Mooring, Power and Propulsion, Technical feasibility, Regulatory feasibililty
REFERENCES
IMO, “IMO’s work to cut GHG emissions from ships,” 2024. https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Cutting-GHG-emissions.aspx (accessed Feb. 28, 2023).
M. Kim, T.-H. Joung, B. Jeong, and H.-S. Park, “Autonomous shipping and its impact on regulations, technologies, and industries,” Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 17–25, 2020, doi: 10.1080/25725084.2020.1779427. - doi:10.1080/25725084.2020.1779427
H. Ringbom, “Regulating Autonomous Ships—Concepts, Challenges and Precedents,” Ocean Development & International Law, vol. 50, no. 2–3, pp. 141–169, 2019, doi: 10.1080/00908320.2019.1582593. - doi:10.1080/00908320.2019.1582593
Ø. J. Rødseth, “From concept to reality: Unmanned merchant ship research in Norway,” in 2017 IEEE Underwater Technology (UT), 2017, pp. 1–10. doi: 10.1109/UT.2017.7890328. - doi:10.1109/UT.2017.7890328
C. Kooij and R. Hekkenberg, “Identification of a task-based implementation path for unmanned autonomous ships,” Maritime Policy & Management, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 954–970, 2022, doi: 10.1080/03088839.2021.1914878. - doi:10.1080/03088839.2021.1914878
C. Kooij, A. Colling, and C. Benson, “When Will Autonomous Ships Arrive? A Technology Forecasting Perspective,” in A Technology Forecasting Perspective (June 6, 2018). INEC Conference, 2018. - doi:10.24868/issn.2515-818X.2018.016
E. A. Holte, A. Pobitzer, H. Borgen, and Y. Chu, “Smartere Transport – Møre og Romsdal A1.1 Ståstedsanalyse,” 2019. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://mrfylke.no/media/filer/samferdsel/vegavdeling/infrastruktur/staastedsanalyse-smartare-transport-sintef
Ø. Rødseth, L. A. Wennersberg, and H. Nordahl, “Levels of autonomy for ships,” J Phys Conf Ser, vol. 2311, p. 12018, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2311/1/012018. - doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2311/1/012018
O. E. Mørkrid, P. R. Bellingmo, and E. Wille, “Feasibility Study for an Unmanned Deep Sea Bulk Ship and Short Sea Container Ship,” 2023. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.ntnu.edu/documents/1294735132/0/Feasibility+study+UC1+and+UC2+unmanned+cargo+bulk+ship+-+signed.pdf/87eb1b15-991c-addf-0a0c-319d1b547c19?t=1675860684177
Sea Machines, “Collision & obstacle avoidance,” 2022. https://sea-machines.com/collision-avoidance/ (accessed Aug. 22, 2022).
Avikus, “HiNAS - Hyunday intelligent Navigation Assistant System,” 2022. https://www.avikus.ai/eng/product/hinas (accessed Sep. 05, 2022).
Orca AI, “Enabling the Smart Shipping Future, Today,” 2022. https://www.orca-ai.io/ (accessed Sep. 05, 2022).
NYK Line, “Documentary of Fully Autonomous Ship Project Released,” 2022. https://www.nyk.com/english/news/2022/20220425_01.html (accessed Feb. 03, 2023).
Kongsberg Maritime, “Situational Awareness,” 2022. https://www.kongsberg.com/no/maritime/products/situational-awareness/ (accessed Feb. 03, 2023).
Captain AI, “Captain AI’s Autopilot successfully tested in the Port of Rotterdam,” 2020. https://www.captainai.com/news/captain-ais-autopilot-successfully-tested-in-the-port-of-rotterdam/ (accessed Feb. 03, 2023).
Hyundai Heavy Industries Group, “HD Hyundai’s Avikus successfully conducts the world’s first transoceanic voyage of a large merchant ship relying on autonomous navigation technologies,” 2022. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hd-hyundais-avikus-successfully-conducts-the-worlds-first-transoceanic-voyage-of-a-large-merchant-ship-relying-on-autonomous-navigation-technologies-301559937.html (accessed Feb. 03, 2023).
Kongsberg Maritime, “Autonomous ship project, key facts about YARA Birkeland,” 2023. https://www.kongsberg.com/no/maritime/support/themes/autonomous-ship-project-key-facts-about-yara-birkeland/ (accessed Feb. 03, 2023).
Ø. Rødseth, L. A. Wennersberg, and H. Nordahl, “Improving safety of interactions between conventional and autonomous ships,” Feb. 2021.
International Maritime Organization, “Pilotage,” 2022. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/Pilotage.aspx (accessed May 09, 2022).
T. Porathe, “Where Does the Pilot Go When the Autonomous Ship Has No Bridge? MASS Routing Service and Smart Local Information Centres,” RINA Autonomous ship conference, 2022. - doi:10.3940/rina.as.2022.04
MAiD Systems, “MAID Systems - A Fully Autonomous Docking and Positioning System for Recreational and Commercial Marine Vessels,” 2022. https://maidsystems.com/ (accessed Apr. 27, 2022).
NYK Line, “NYK Group Companies Participate in Trial to Simulate the Actual Operation of Fully Autonomous Ship | NYK Line,” 2022. https://www.nyk.com/english/news/2022/20220303_02.html (accessed Apr. 27, 2022).
Kongsberg Maritime, “Ferry solutions,” 2022. https://www.kongsberg.com/no/maritime/solutions/pax/ferry/ (accessed Oct. 06, 2022).
Nedcon Martime, “Crew structure on board merchant vessels - engine department,” 2013. https://nedcon.ro/crew-structure-board-merchant-vessels-engine-department/ (accessed May 03, 2022).
M. Hoyhtya, J. Huusko, M. Kiviranta, K. Solberg, and J. Rokka, “Connectivity for autonomous ships: Architecture, use cases, and research challenges,” in International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence: ICT Convergence Technologies Leading the Fourth Industrial Revolution, ICTC 2017, Dec. 2017, vol. 2017-December, pp. 345–350. doi: 10.1109/ICTC.2017.8191000. - doi:10.1109/ICTC.2017.8191000
Ground Control, “Iridium Coverage Map - Real Time Tracking - Ground Control,” 2023. https://www.groundcontrol.com/en/knowledge/calculators-and-maps/iridium-coverage-map-real-time-tracking/ (accessed Feb. 06, 2023).
P. R. Bellingmo and U. Jørgensen, “Automatic Mooring: Technical Gap Analysis,” 2022. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.ntnu.edu/documents/1294735132/0/sfi_autoship_automatic_mooring_technical_gap_analysis+%283%29.pdf/71c86707-ee5a-2bae-0fb7-a503f0aed1ef?t=1675872594993
AutoMooring Solutions, “Automooringsolutions – AMS AutoMooring Solutions,” 2023. https://automooringsolutions.com/ (accessed Feb. 06, 2023).
Trelleborg, “AutoMoor - Automated Mooring Solution,” 2023. https://www.trelleborg.com/en/marine-and-infrastructure/products-solutions-and-services/marine/docking-and-mooring/automated-mooring-systems/automoor (accessed Feb. 06, 2023).
Cavotec, “Automated Mooring,” 2023. https://www.cavotec.com/en/your-applications/ports-maritime/automated-mooring (accessed Feb. 06, 2023).
MacGregor, “Automated mooring system,” 2023. https://www.macgregor.com/intelligent-solutions/automated-mooring-system/ (accessed Feb. 06, 2023).
Cavotec, “MoorMaster Brochure,” 2021.
iSAM AG, “Autonomous Grab Ship Unloaders for Bulk Materials,” 2023. https://www.isam-ag.com/our-solutions/automation-of-grab-ship-unloaders-for-bulk-materials/ (accessed Feb. 09, 2023).
Norwegian Maritime Authority, “Rundskriv-Serie V. RSV 12-2020,” 2020.
IMO, “Autonomous shipping,” 2015. https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Autonomous-shipping.aspx (accessed Mar. 01, 2023).
DNV, “Autonomous and remotely operated ships (DNVGL-CG-0264),” no. September, 2021.
IMO, “Outcome of the Regulatory Scoping Exercise for the Use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (Mass),” MSC.1/Circ.1638, vol. 44, no. 0, pp. 1–105, 2021.
The Research Council of Norway, “SFI AutoShip: Autonomous Ships for Safe and Sustainable Operations - Prosjektbanken,” 2023. https://prosjektbanken.forskningsradet.no/en/project/FORISS/309230?Kilde=FORISS&distribution=Ar&chart=bar&calcType=funding&Sprak=no&sortBy=score&sortOrder=desc&resultCount=30&offset=0&Fritekst=sfi+autoship (accessed Jan. 23, 2023).
Autoship, “Autoship,” 2023. https://www.autoship-project.eu/ (accessed Feb. 16, 2023).
Møre og Romsdal fylkeskommune, “Smartare transport,” 2023. https://mrfylke.no/om-oss/prosjekta-vaare/smartare-transport (accessed Feb. 16, 2023).
Citation note:
Røstum Bellingmo P., Wille E., Nordahl H., Mørkrid O.E., Holte E.A.: Analyzing the Feasibility of an Unmanned Cargo Ship for Different Operational Phases. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol. 17, No. 2, doi:10.12716/1001.17.02.17, pp. 397-404, 2023
Authors in other databases:
57870104100
v04JpwgAAAAJEgil Wille:
Odd Erik Mørkrid:
Other publications of authors:
File downloaded 134 times
